Table 5

By
J.I. House & D.O. Hall
Division of Life Sciences, King's College London

Table 5. Biophysical properties, fluxes and efficiencies

Site

Lamto, Ivory Coast

Venezuela

Venezuela

Brazil⁷

Niger8

Nylsvley9

UNEP sites10

^{Site
1}

^{Site
26}

Kenya

Mexico

Thailand

Amazon

^Humid

^Humid

^Humid

^Humid

^Arid

^Semi-arid

^Arid

^Arid

^Humid

^Wet

^Vegetation

^{Open
shrubby}

^Grasslands

^Grasslands

^{Dense
scrub}

^{Regen.
shrub}

^Mixed

^Grassland

^Grassland

^Grassland

^Grassland

^{Period/treatment}

^{Start
wet season1}

^Other2,3

^{Dry
season4}

^Wet5

^{Wet
season}

^Dry

^Wet

^Wet/dry

^{S.
Africa}

^unburned

^(floodplain)

^Feb

^Mar

^Apr

^burned

^unburned

^cultivated

^natural

^{8
weeks}

^annual

^{All
annual measurement}

Rainfall^{(annual mm)}

¹²¹⁰

¹²⁵⁷

¹⁰⁵⁰

¹⁵⁰⁰

⁶²³

⁸⁰⁰

⁵⁸⁰

²⁰⁰⁰

²¹⁰⁰

Total Production^(g/m2/yr)

²⁷⁰⁰

⁹⁵¹

¹²⁹²

¹⁸⁰³

²⁰³⁶

⁹⁹³⁰

^{Herbaceous
biomass only (g/m2)}

^600-1000

⁶⁷⁵

⁴³³

^474a

^503a

LAI^{,
site average}

^1.2

^{Herbaceous
layer}

^0.8

^1.5

^1.9

^4.0

^{0.08
- 0.68}

^4.4

^1.7

^0.3a

^0.5a

^1-1.25

^0.6

^0-3.1

^0-1.7

^0.7-2.0

^2.3-4.75

^Trees

^0.4

^1.0

^2.25

Radiation Balance

^{Incoming
solar radiation, (MJ/m2/y)}

⁷³¹⁶

⁷¹⁹⁰

⁶⁷⁴¹

⁴⁴⁰⁰

^(MJ/m2/d)

^20.6

^20.6

^15.8

^15.7

^15.7

²⁰

^19.7

^18.5

^9.9-20.6

^12.0

^{max
(W/m2)}

⁷²⁰

⁷²⁰

⁷⁶²

⁷⁰⁰

⁹⁵⁰

^{Net
radiation,
daily (MJ/m2/d)}

^11.2

^11.9

^12.0

^8.4

^7.4

^11.3

^{max
(W/m2)}

⁶³⁰

⁵⁵⁰

⁵⁵⁰

⁴¹⁰

³⁶⁰

⁶⁵⁰

⁷⁵⁰

^{mean
daytime albedo a}

^{0.08
- 0.23, av. 0.19, burnt soil 0.073}

^0.08

^0.12

^0.3

^0.3

^{0.2
(0.4 soil)}

^{0.11-0.15,
av. 0.12}

Roughness and Conductance

^{Vegetation
height (m)}

^{shrubs
2 - 6, grass 1}

^{grass
max 1.8}

^0.6

^1.2

^{trees
9}

^{shrub
1-3}

^{tree
6; gr. 0.75}

^{Roughness
length Z_{0 (m)}}

^_0.0013

^_0.039

^_1.2

^_0.07

^{_{Zero
displacement d (m)}}

^_0.0070

^_0.196

^_6.3

^_0.38

^{_{Aerodynamic
cond. (mol/m2/s) max}}

^_0.068b

^_1.8b

^_4.0b

^_3.2b

^{_{Canopy
conductance (mol/m2/s) max}}

^_-

^_0.039b

^{_{Surface
conductance (mol/m2/s) max}}

^_1.0b

^_0.6b

^_0.15

^_0.4

^{_{Coupling
coefficient W}}

^_-

^_0.17

^_0.29

^_0.17

^_0.17

^_0.32

CO2 fluxes

^{_{Leaf
assimilation (mmolCO2/m2/s)}}

^_19-33

^₂₅

^₂₇

^₂₃

^₃₁

^{_{Canopy
assimilation Ac,
(MJ/m2/day)}}

^_0.138

^{_{max
(mmolCO2/m2/s)}}

^_19.0

^_23.3

^_24.7

^{_{Soil
respiration, (MJ/m2/day)}}

^_-0.036

^{_{max
(mmolCO2/m2/s)}}

^_-6.6

^_-8.9

^_-9.6

^{_{Net
ecosystem flux F, (MJ/m2/day)}}

^_0.102

^{_{daytime
peak (mmolCO2/m2/s)}}

^_19.0

^_23.3

^_24.7

^₄

^₁₅

^₁₅

^{_{nightime
peak (mmolCO2/m2/s)}}

^_-2

^_-5

^_-5

Efficiencies (g/MJ)

^_early

^_mature

^_annual2

^{_{net
prod(g)/incident rad (g/MJ)}}

^_1.58

^_1.06

^_0.85

^_0.99

^_0.13

^_0.18

^_0.27

^_0.66

^_2.30

^{_{net
prod(J)/incident rad (%)}}

^_0.7

^_0.32

^_0.80

^{_{NPP/IPAR
Total = RUE}}

^_3.38

^_2.28

^_1.82

^_2.21

^_0.29

^_0.40

^_0.60

^_1.47

^_5.11

^{_{NPP/APAR
Total}}

^_3.84

^_2.56

^_2.04

Notes:
References: 1(Le Roux & Mordelet, 1995), 2 (Le Roux et.al., 1997), 3 (Le Roux et.al., 1994), 4(San Jose, 1992), 5(San Jose et.al., 1991), 6(San Jose et al, 1998), 7(Miranda et.al., 1997), 8(assorted papers in Goutorbe et.al., 1997; Hannan et.al., 1998), 9(Scholes & Wlaker, 1993), 10(chapters in Long et.al., 1992) Where possible original values have been converted to standard format/units.
^{a Values here for grass and dicotyledons

b Calculated from the original data as inverse of resistances in s/m: At sea level and 25oC, g mol/m2/s = 0.04 g mm/s (Jones, 1992)

CO2 flux notes: Venezuela values calculated from original table for 30th July

Efficiency notes: Lamto- original values converted AG biomass = BG biomass, and IPAR = 0.467 Rs from values in paper. For other sites used IPAR = 0.45 Rs. RUE = radiation use efficiency, IPAR and
APAR = incident and absorbed hotosynthetically active radiation. Kenya & Mexico values recalculated from original data; Thailand and Amazon figures from graphs of cumulative NPP against cumulative Rs}



	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	Many thanks to Bob Scholes (CSIR, South Africa), Xavier Le Roux (INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, France), Jonathan Scurlock (ORNL, USA) and Joe Scanlan (Department of Natural Resources, Queensland, Australia) for providing information and making corrections to the manuscript. Dale Kaiser & Sonja Jones (ORNL, USA) for calculating tropical % of the Olson et al (1983) "grasslands" category. Sadly, David Hall passed away in August 1999 before this chapter was published. His knowledge and love of savannas was only surpassed by his eagerness to learn and teach.

	Table 1: Previous estimates of area, biomass and NPP of savannas and grasslands
	Table 2: Broad plant functional types found in African savannas (from Scholes et.al., 1997)

Table 3: Biomass reported for tropical grasslands and savannas

	Table 4: Primary production reported for tropical grasslands and savannas
	Figure 2: The relationship between total NPP and aboveground NPP

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